Tunisia’s 2024 national census has highlighted significant challenges in the country’s education system. According to data reported by Trends in Africa, illiteracy remains alarmingly high in several interior regions. More than 25% of adults are unable to read or write in at least five governorates. Even more concerning is the gender disparity. In the worst-affected provinces, over 35% of women are illiterate compared to around 17% of men. 

Persistent Social and Economic Inequalities 

These figures reveal deep social and economic inequalities, particularly in rural and marginalised areas. Tunisia is often recognised for its progressive stance on education and gender equality in the Arab world. However, the census data shows that many communities are still being left behind. The persistence of adult illiteracy highlights structural challenges. Despite decades of educational reforms, access to quality schooling remains uneven, especially outside major urban centres such as Tunis, Sfax, and Sousse. 

Key Factors Behind Education Gaps 

Experts link these education gaps to several interrelated factors. Chronic poverty in interior regions restricts families from prioritising schooling and limits government capacity to fund adequate infrastructure. Many rural schools face shortages of trained teachers, insufficient learning materials, and inadequate facilities. This environment makes it difficult for students to complete even basic education. 

Cultural and Gender Barriers Impact Women’s Education 

Cultural and social barriers further exacerbate the issue, particularly for women. Early marriage continues to be common in certain communities, often preventing girls from completing their education. Traditional gender roles in rural households can restrict girls’ access to schooling and literacy, reinforcing the gap between men and women. These dynamics demonstrate that educational inequality in Tunisia is both an economic and social issue embedded in local norms and practices. 

Consequences of Widespread Illiteracy 

The consequences of widespread illiteracy extend beyond education. Adults who cannot read or write, especially women, face challenges in economic participation, healthcare access, and civic engagement. Women who lack literacy skills are less able to access information about healthcare, legal rights, and employment opportunities. This perpetuates cycles of poverty and social exclusion. For Tunisia’s policymakers, these findings highlight the urgent need to address literacy gaps to ensure inclusive development and empower all citizens. 

Policy Recommendations and Literacy Initiatives 

In response to the census findings, education advocates are urging the Tunisian government to invest in adult literacy programmes and ensure equal access to schooling for all children. Proposed strategies include targeted literacy campaigns in high-illiteracy governorates, incentives for families to keep girls in school, and investment in teacher training and rural school infrastructure. International development organisations and NGOs are expected to play a key role in supporting these initiatives through technical assistance and funding. 

Adopting a Gender-Sensitive Approach 

Policymakers are also encouraged to adopt a gender-sensitive approach to education reform. Closing the literacy gap between men and women will require addressing social and cultural barriers alongside economic support for vulnerable households. Initiatives could include flexible learning schedules for women, community awareness programmes highlighting the importance of female education, and vocational training that aligns with local economic needs. 

“The illiteracy rate has many dimensions, given Tunisia’s commitment to free and compulsory education after independence, which was reinforced by legal texts. 17 percent is a dangerous indicator. Those with weak educational indicators represent approximately 34 percent of population, in addition to the high rate of urban illiteracy, illiteracy that goes beyond basic literacy in reading and writing and requires the availability of the minimum level of knowledge agreed upon in society, as well as essential information and simple data related to social life.” 

Sociologist, Belaid Ouled Abdallah

A Wake-Up Call for Tunisia 

Tunisia’s census results are a wake-up call. While national averages may suggest progress, a closer look shows severe regional and gender disparities. Addressing these challenges can reduce illiteracy, empower women, and strengthen human capital, contributing to more inclusive social and economic growth. 

At-a-Glance: 

  • 25%+ of adults in interior regions are illiterate 
  • 35%+ of women illiterate in worst-affected provinces 
  • ~17% of men illiterate in those provinces
  • Five governorates identified with highest adult illiteracy rates 
  • Census year: 2024 

For policymakers, educators, and development partners, the message is clear: equitable education is essential for Tunisia’s future. Investments in literacy and schooling in underserved areas will bring long-term benefits to the economy, social cohesion, and democratic development.